{"id":3051,"date":"2018-08-02T07:57:33","date_gmt":"2018-08-02T11:57:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hiperbaric.com\/?p=3051"},"modified":"2020-09-18T10:36:24","modified_gmt":"2020-09-18T08:36:24","slug":"how-hpp-can-help-with-foodborn-illness-caused-by-vibrio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hiperbaric.com\/en\/how-hpp-can-help-with-foodborn-illness-caused-by-vibrio\/","title":{"rendered":"Vibriosis in fresh and under-cooked RTE seafood, and how HPP can be a part of the solution to minimize seafood illness risk"},"content":{"rendered":"

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High pressure processing of seafood is claimed to be one of the best alternatives to prevent pathogens contamination, such as Vibrio spp., while maintaining the sensorial and nutritive properties of food. Recent researches, for instance, Ma & Su (2011) or Serment-Moreno et al. (2015), guarantee its effectiveness in oysters; besides, FAO considers HPP ideal to achieve the food safety and high quality objectives that the consumer demands.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Summer time is great to take a break from everyday routine and travel. Beaches around the world are popular destinations as the warm weather makes it enjoyable for all sort of activities like bathing in seawater, walking around the sand with the sea breeze, sunbathing, and possibly enjoy some tasty, fresh seafood dishes. Nonetheless, the nice summer weather is also enjoyed by microorganisms, providing ideal conditions for pathogen growth in warm seawater, which significantly increases the likelihood of foodborne illness by consuming raw or undercooked seafood.<\/p>\n

Crab is a seafood favorite among consumers and there is a wide variety of dishes like steamed claws, crab cakes or wet salads, to name just a few. Unfortunately, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)<\/a> and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)<\/a> emitted warnings on July 13 due to potential contamination of imported fresh or precooked crab meat with Vibrio <\/em>spp.<\/p>\n

Authorities strongly advise consumers, restaurants and retailers to avoid RTE crab meat coming from Venezuela (identified source), due to the high risk of developing Vibrio<\/em> spp. infection, also known as vibriosis. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, nausea, fever and stomach pain, and symptoms start around 24 hours after consumption. Extra care should be taken for children, elders, and people with ailing chronic disease or weakened immune systems, since vibriosis may have fatal consequences.<\/u> The most recent CDC update indicates that the outbreak has been traced back to the beginning of April, resulting in 12 infections, where 4 required hospitalization and fortunately no fatalities, so far.<\/p>\n

Historic perspective of Vibrio <\/em>spp. foodborne outbreaks<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Vibrio <\/em>species are Gram-negative and salt-tolerant bacteria able to grow in cold marine environments, where they persist and can be easily found in oysters, clams and fish. Seven of these Vibrio <\/em>species can cause foodborne infections: V. cholera, V. parahaemolylicus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, V. hollisae, V. fluvialis <\/em>and V. fumissii<\/em>.<\/p>\n

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), V. vulnificus <\/em>and V. parahaemolyticus <\/em>(Fig. 1) are the most relevant species in seafood poisoning due to their pathogenicity and prevalence (World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V. vulnificus <\/em>is an opportunistic pathogen commonly found in bivalves that may induce septicemia (bloodstream infection) whilet V. parahaemolyticus <\/em>can produce the \u201cthermostable direct hemolysin\u201d (TDH) toxin, capable of damaging erythrocytes cell wall and causing serious gastroenteritis.<\/p>\n

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Fig. 1. Microscopy images of pathogens Vibrio vulnificus (left) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (right).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vibrio<\/em> spp. is not very common in crab since it is usually consumed cooked. Nonetheless, the ongoing foodborne outbreak is far from being a casual event, since woes related to Vibrio <\/em>spp. foodborne illness cases due to raw or undercooked seafood consumption are well documented. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) voluntarily instated the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance (COVIS)<\/a> started back in 1988 with Gulf Coast States to monitor seawater conditions to evaluate Vibrio <\/em>spp. risk, track ongoing outbreaks, and communicate the population.<\/p>\n

According to available data in the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)<\/a>, Vibrio<\/em> spp. foodborne incidences peaked in 1998 with 536 confirmed cases (Fig. 2), and all east and west coasts states in the US voluntarily decided to join COVIS. As a result, the number of confirmed Vibrio<\/em> incidents dramatically decreased below 60 confirmed annual cases (Fig. 2), except for years 2004 and 2006 in which 159 and 300 confirmed cases were reported, respectively, which coincided with very active hurricane seasons.<\/p>\n

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Fig. 2. Reported foodborne outbreaks associated with Vibrio spp. in the United Sates. Note: bars with multiple colors indicate that other foodborne pathogens (i. e. Listeria monocytogenes) had been associated with the same incident. Data source: foodborne outbreaks reported by the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Overall, NORS data indicates that 67.4% of reported Vibrio spp. foodborne illness cases could be attributed to the consumption of oysters. As previously shared on our December blog post HPP Seafood: Shells Away with High Pressure Processing<\/a>, oysters and bivalve shellfish feed by filtering water through themselves, which may result in the accumulation of foodborne pathogens like Vibrio spp. Vibriosis risk is significantly lower for crab, shrimp, and lobster (4-10% of incidences) since most of these aquatic foods are cooked before consumption, but outbreaks may still occur and the three products comprise nearly 22% of total vibriosis cases (Table 1).<\/p>\n

Table 1.<\/strong> Vibriosis incidence associated with frequently consumed shellfish in the United States reported from 1998-2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Category<\/strong><\/td>\nFood\/Ingredient<\/strong><\/td>\n% Illness<\/strong><\/td>\n% Hospitalization<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mollusks<\/td>\nOysters<\/td>\n67.4<\/td>\n4.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nClams<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n5.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nMussels<\/td>\n1.2<\/td>\n4.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nScallops<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Crustaceans<\/td>\nCrab<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nShrimp<\/td>\n10.2<\/td>\n0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nLobster<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n2.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*1,765 total illness cases. Data source: National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

High pressure processing (HPP): a suitable alternative to minimize Vibriosis incidence in seafood<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In the United States, the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference (ISSC) established \u22653.52 log10 <\/sub>reductions of Vibrio <\/em>spp. as the shellfish processing standard,<\/u> which is likely to be achieved by HPP at relatively mild pressure levels (150-350 MPa; Table 2). In example, processing at 293 MPa for 2 min delivered \u22653.52 log10<\/sub> reductions of V. parahaemolyticus <\/em>inoculated in Pacific oysters (Ma & Su, 2011)<\/a>. V. vulinfifcus <\/em>is less pressure resistant than V.parahaemolyticus<\/u><\/em>, and HPP consistently yields > 5 log10<\/sub> reductions around 250 MPa. A microbial risk assessment studies suggest that HPP oysters at 250 MPa achieved\u00a0 \u22653.52 log10<\/sub> reductions of V. vulnificus<\/em>, and reduced the probability of septicemia from ~4,900 to less than 4 cases for every 100 million consumption events (Serment-Moreno et al., 2015)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Table 2.<\/strong> Inactivation of Vibrio <\/em>spp. in bivalve mollusks.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Pathogen<\/strong><\/td>\nProduct<\/strong><\/td>\nP<\/em><\/strong> (MPa)<\/strong><\/td>\nt<\/em><\/strong> (min)<\/strong><\/td>\nT<\/em><\/strong> (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td>\nLog reduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

(cfu ml-1<\/sup> or cfu g-1<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/td>\n

Reference<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/em><\/td>\nClam juice<\/td>\n172<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n(Styles et al., 1991)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nOyster<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n(Berlin et al., 1999)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n6.2<\/td>\n(Phuvasate et al., 2015)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n293<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n(Ma & Su, 2011)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n6.4<\/td>\n(Ye. et al. 2013)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n(Ye et al., 2012)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n300<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n(Cook, 2003)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n345<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n(Koo et al., 2006)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n5.3<\/td>\n(Kural et al., 2008)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vibrio vulnificus<\/em><\/td>\nOyster<\/td>\n241<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n5.4<\/td>\n(Koo et al., 2006)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n250<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n5.4<\/td>\n(Kural & Chen., 2006)<\/a><\/u><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n275<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n8.3<\/td>\n(Ye. et al. 2013)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n275<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n7.4<\/td>\n(Ye et al., 2012)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

When compared to other technologies, food-processing experts consulted by the FAO<\/a> considered HPP provides an ideal balance to achieve food safety objectives, high consumer quality, and convenience for food processors as summarized in Table 3.<\/p>\n

In HPP, pressure is generated with water at chilled or room temperature (4-25\u00b0C\/40-75\u00b0F), transmitted instantaneously and uniformly on seafood regardless of size or shape. As seen on Table 2, pressure holding times between 1-2 min may be sufficient to eliminate Vibrio <\/em>spp., resulting in high throughput (260-3,000 kg\/h; 600-6,000 lb\/h) with a very low energy consumption. Furthermore, pressure denatures the muscle binding the meat and shell of shellfish, allowing up to 100% meat recovery (No Shuck!<\/a>) while significantly reducing labor costs required for manual shucking.<\/p>\n

Conversely, rapid cooling, freezing and depuration may achieve \u201cfresh\u201d characteristics under certain processing conditions. Nonetheless, pathogens are likely to survive during storage, and processing times range between 2 hours to a couple of days (Table 3). Likewise, pathogens may survive exposure to chemical compounds. In this case, the potential risk of residues are of consumer concern and some of these compounds are strong oxidation agents that may trigger non-desirable reactions like lipid oxidation. Irradiation is close to deliver the food safety and quality achieved by HPP, although it is not well perceived among consumers, does not shuck shellfish and is legally restricted in some countries. Thermal processing is the only alternative capable of yielding shelf stable foods, but the final quality of the product is severely affected.<\/p>\n

Table 3<\/strong>. Food processing alternatives to reduce Vibrio<\/em> spp. in shellfish.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
*Intervention<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n**Vibrio <\/em>spp.<\/strong><\/p>\n

effectiveness<\/strong><\/td>\n

Advantages<\/strong><\/td>\n\n

Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

HPP<\/td>\nShellfish are introduced into a metal vessel. Pressurized cold water (4-25 \u00b0C\/40-75 \u00b0F) is pumped to raise pressure between 3,000-6,000 bar\/45,000-87,000 psi.<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n\u2022 Achieves Vibrio <\/em>spp. reduction standard.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Retains sensorial and nutritional quality of raw shellfish.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Shucks shellfish to yield up to 100% meat recovery.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Short processing times (0.5-1.5 min holding time).<\/p>\n

\u2022 Uniform and instantaneous pressure transmission.<\/td>\n

\u2022 Initial unit investment<\/p>\n

\u2022 Does not eliminate bacterial spores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Rapid cooling<\/td>\nAssures reduced cooling time from 20\u00baC to 4\u00baC<\/td>\n1-2<\/td>\n\u2022 Reduces time for microbial recovery and growth<\/td>\n\u2022 Does not achieve Vibrio <\/em>spp. reduction standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irradiation<\/td>\nExposes foods to high intensity energy beams such as gamma rays or X-rays<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n\u2022 Achieves Vibrio <\/em>spp. reduction standard<\/p>\n

\u2022 Retains sensorial and nutritional quality of raw shellfish<\/td>\n

\u2022 Negative consumer perception due to misconceived radioactivity<\/p>\n

\u2022 Does not shuck shellfish<\/p>\n

\u2022 Legally restricted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Thermal<\/td>\nApplies heat to pasteurize (50-90 \u00b0C) or sterilize (121 \u00b0C\/250 \u00b0F or higher) foods<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n\u2022 Achieves Vibrio <\/em>spp. reduction standard<\/p>\n

\u2022 Delivers shelf stable products under severe conditions (121 \u00b0C; 250 \u00b0F)<\/td>\n

\u2022 Does not achieve \u201cfresh\u201d like products.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Negatively impacts the sensorial and nutritional attributes of foods<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Freezing<\/td>\nReduce the product temperature to -18\u00baC or below<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n\u2022 Extends shelf life of products by stopping microorganisms growth and slowing chemical changes, such us enzymatic reactions<\/td>\n\u2022 Texture alteration and water loss due to ice cristal formation<\/p>\n

\u2022 Pathogens may survive during storage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Depuration<\/td>\nMaintains bivalves in clean sea water to enhance the excretion of any contaminants and prevent their re-uptake<\/td>\n1-2<\/td>\n\u2022 Reduces the risk of infection<\/td>\n\u2022 Does not achieve Vibrio <\/em>spp. reduction standard<\/p>\n

\u2022 Requires extended times (e.g. 2 days)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Chemical<\/td>\nAddition of food preservatives to inactivate microorganisms or delay their growth and prevent quality loss<\/td>\n2-3<\/td>\n\u2022 May achieve Vibrio <\/em>spp. reduction standard<\/td>\n\u2022 Pathogens may survive<\/p>\n

\u2022 Chemical agents are typically strong oxidizers that negatively impact food quality<\/p>\n

\u2022 Public concerns on chemical residues<\/p>\n

\u2022 Chemical hazard in processing facilities<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

* Intervention ranking (except for chemical) based on consumer perception of final product as reported by FAO.<\/p>\n

** 0: no effect; 1: slight reduction; 2: moderate reduction; 3 significant reduction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

If you want to know more about the HPP technology and how to improve the food safety and the quality of your products, contact us<\/a>, the world leading manufacturer of High Pressure Processing (HPP) equipment for the food industry. \t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  High pressure processing of seafood is claimed to be one of the best alternatives to prevent pathogens contamination, such as Vibrio spp., while maintaining the sensorial and nutritive properties of food. Recent researches, for instance, Ma & Su (2011) or Serment-Moreno et al. (2015), guarantee its effectiveness in oysters; besides, FAO considers HPP ideal…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[302],"tags":[291],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nVibriosis in fresh and under-cooked RTE seafood, and how HPP can be a part of the solution to minimize seafood illness risk - Hiperbaric<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hiperbaric.com\/en\/how-hpp-can-help-with-foodborn-illness-caused-by-vibrio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vibriosis in fresh and under-cooked RTE seafood, and how HPP can be a part of the solution to minimize seafood illness risk - Hiperbaric\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  High pressure processing of seafood is claimed to be one of the best alternatives to prevent pathogens contamination, such as Vibrio spp., while maintaining the sensorial and nutritive properties of food. 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